objectives of scientific knowledge
Objectives Interior: informative content, accuracy, simplicity (logical, mathematical) certainty of knowledge (logical, epistemological, psychological)
External Objectives: the purpose of practical-prediction, explanation of behavior.
stages of a scientific study
first
second formulation of the problem analysis of variables implicit in the problem
third formulation of research hypothesis
4th choice of test procedure
5th choice of research tool
6th selection of subjects
7th examination
8th The statistical description of the results
9th Statistical test H
10th Discussion and generalization Results
Standardization - is to harmonize the use of a test. This is to minimize the test result depending on factors such as conditions of the test side. Well have a standardized test: software, key.
Objectives Interior: informative content, accuracy, simplicity (logical, mathematical) certainty of knowledge (logical, epistemological, psychological)
External Objectives: the purpose of practical-prediction, explanation of behavior.
stages of a scientific study
first
second formulation of the problem analysis of variables implicit in the problem
third formulation of research hypothesis
4th choice of test procedure
5th choice of research tool
6th selection of subjects
7th examination
8th The statistical description of the results
9th Statistical test H
10th Discussion and generalization Results
Standardization - is to harmonize the use of a test. This is to minimize the test result depending on factors such as conditions of the test side. Well have a standardized test: software, key.
discriminatory power - the item in question tells us how to differentiate a given population in terms of features, which it refers.
Normalization - placing people in the relevant group, the conversion of the results on a rock and tenową stents.
Reliability - is the accuracy with which test measures what is to be measured.
Feedback true - the boundary, which tends to average the results of the i-th person in a given number of tests.
Relevance theoretical - problem to demonstrate the extent to which OB has a particular trait.
Prognostic Relevance - for checking the extent to which forecast formulated on the basis of test results to check after a certain time in the same individuals.
Relevance theoretical - sometimes differ from the forward-looking. Verification of the diagnosis shortly after the test.
Thurstone Scale: first large gathering pool records, pre-selection.
second Judges found competent segregate along a continuum (11 groups, a neutral measure, equal groups)
third create table calculation. We expect a median of variance between ćwiartkowy.
4th the entire pool of items to be selected from 1920 to 1930 the lowest rates rozstępu. The items were randomly write on one card
5th make test; we add up the value of items selected and scalable compute the average. The result is telling you the strength of a given trait in the test
Likert Scale:
first statements, selection
second initial scale construction
third developing a system to answer. Recommended system wielokategorialny
4th preliminary study. No less than 100 people
5th analysis of the position in terms of their suitability for measuring a given characteristic. Two techniques: correlation, t
6th reliability, validity scale
variability of results over time:
variability associated with sustainability, difficulty and discriminatory power of position.
stages of constructing a questionnaire
first formulation of the theory, measured traits
second selecting an initial pool of items
third Competent judges
4th examination initial pool of
5th Discriminatory power, selecting those with the highest; preliminary calculation of the reliability of
6th examination of subsequent trials, the calculation of reliability, validity, norms
Factors influencing the response
first vague questions
second manner with the question
third tendency to agreeing
4th attitude test
5th unconscious or conscious selection of those responses that are consistent with prevailing practices in the group
Reasons low relevance
first evil design of the questionnaire
second low accuracy of the validation criterion
3. bad survey
Reliability
first if we are interested in a continuum measure the reliability must be high. When we are interested in the extremities may be low.
types of scales estimated first numerical scales
second graphic scales (continuous, discrete)
third cumulative assessment scales
4th forced-choice scales
power distribution ratio link between the empirical indicator of a phenomenon as indicated by it. Types of connections: the power of rejection, the power to conclude. When the researcher seeks to max. power of rejection and max. to seek to conclude to the power distribution system.
operationalization of variables Determining empirical meaning of theoretical variables, as measure theory, a hypothetical variable. Finding for the phenomenon, the concept of the visible indicator.
types of indicators first empirical-observable relationship between indicatum, a phenomenon indicative
second Definitional-selection of indicators is associated with giving the definition of third
indicatum Inference-indicatum is not observable, but about his presence conclude by indicator that is not definiens
hypothetical constructs are concepts with the meaning, not completely reducible to a set of observable characteristics, such as gene and personality.
Normalization - placing people in the relevant group, the conversion of the results on a rock and tenową stents.
Reliability - is the accuracy with which test measures what is to be measured.
Feedback true - the boundary, which tends to average the results of the i-th person in a given number of tests.
Relevance theoretical - problem to demonstrate the extent to which OB has a particular trait.
Prognostic Relevance - for checking the extent to which forecast formulated on the basis of test results to check after a certain time in the same individuals.
Relevance theoretical - sometimes differ from the forward-looking. Verification of the diagnosis shortly after the test.
Thurstone Scale: first large gathering pool records, pre-selection.
second Judges found competent segregate along a continuum (11 groups, a neutral measure, equal groups)
third create table calculation. We expect a median of variance between ćwiartkowy.
4th the entire pool of items to be selected from 1920 to 1930 the lowest rates rozstępu. The items were randomly write on one card
5th make test; we add up the value of items selected and scalable compute the average. The result is telling you the strength of a given trait in the test
Likert Scale:
first statements, selection
second initial scale construction
third developing a system to answer. Recommended system wielokategorialny
4th preliminary study. No less than 100 people
5th analysis of the position in terms of their suitability for measuring a given characteristic. Two techniques: correlation, t
6th reliability, validity scale
variability of results over time:
variability associated with sustainability, difficulty and discriminatory power of position.
stages of constructing a questionnaire
first formulation of the theory, measured traits
second selecting an initial pool of items
third Competent judges
4th examination initial pool of
5th Discriminatory power, selecting those with the highest; preliminary calculation of the reliability of
6th examination of subsequent trials, the calculation of reliability, validity, norms
Factors influencing the response
first vague questions
second manner with the question
third tendency to agreeing
4th attitude test
5th unconscious or conscious selection of those responses that are consistent with prevailing practices in the group
Reasons low relevance
first evil design of the questionnaire
second low accuracy of the validation criterion
3. bad survey
Reliability
first if we are interested in a continuum measure the reliability must be high. When we are interested in the extremities may be low.
types of scales estimated first numerical scales
second graphic scales (continuous, discrete)
third cumulative assessment scales
4th forced-choice scales
power distribution ratio link between the empirical indicator of a phenomenon as indicated by it. Types of connections: the power of rejection, the power to conclude. When the researcher seeks to max. power of rejection and max. to seek to conclude to the power distribution system.
operationalization of variables Determining empirical meaning of theoretical variables, as measure theory, a hypothetical variable. Finding for the phenomenon, the concept of the visible indicator.
types of indicators first empirical-observable relationship between indicatum, a phenomenon indicative
second Definitional-selection of indicators is associated with giving the definition of third
indicatum Inference-indicatum is not observable, but about his presence conclude by indicator that is not definiens
hypothetical constructs are concepts with the meaning, not completely reducible to a set of observable characteristics, such as gene and personality.
intervening variables - the concept of belonging to the language of theoretical sense, reduced to the characteristics observed.
Concepts relationship between variables first size-number variation of common variables
second statistical significance-whether the amount of shared variance may occur accidentally
third direction-which is a variable that affects the fourth
shape-form mathematical function describing the relationship
5. effects of other variables on the relationship-whether the effect of X on Y depends on a third variable.
requirements first hypothesis requirement to check-must be real opportunities to verify the second
-adequate response to the problem and also easiest
third explains not only the facts, but also relationships with ZZ, but the most interesting
4th can not be definitional statement
5th should not be widely generalized
6th should be given direction hypothesis
Types research problem
Concepts relationship between variables first size-number variation of common variables
second statistical significance-whether the amount of shared variance may occur accidentally
third direction-which is a variable that affects the fourth
shape-form mathematical function describing the relationship
5. effects of other variables on the relationship-whether the effect of X on Y depends on a third variable.
requirements first hypothesis requirement to check-must be real opportunities to verify the second
-adequate response to the problem and also easiest
third explains not only the facts, but also relationships with ZZ, but the most interesting
4th can not be definitional statement
5th should not be widely generalized
6th should be given direction hypothesis
Types research problem
istotnościowe Issues: first that are relevant to the Y-ZN
second which takes the value of Y when X takes the value from the third
which are the main variables, and which side
4th or ZN come together to interact
zależnościowe problems: what is the relationship between Y and X.
Plan quasi-experimental - principal investigator manipulates ZN, ZN control side, min. ZN-distorting effects, measure ZZ.
second which takes the value of Y when X takes the value from the third
which are the main variables, and which side
4th or ZN come together to interact
zależnościowe problems: what is the relationship between Y and X.
Plan quasi-experimental - principal investigator manipulates ZN, ZN control side, min. ZN-distorting effects, measure ZZ.
Relevance inner Eksperzment is a good wewntrynie when ZN actually worked at ZZ. For this to happen are: must be controlled all the ZN side, the plan exp. is appropriate for H, the researcher manipulates effectively ZN.
Relevance Factors interfering wewewntrzną first
second story maturation
third
fourth test selection of persons
external factors that disrupt the accuracy of first Reactive or interactive effects
second test Interaction effects of biased selection of people with variable exp.
Plan Solomon Y1p - X - Y1k gr.A
Y2p ------ Y2k gr.B
; X - Y3k gr.C
Y4k gr.D
main effect - ZN affects every variable Y independently
simple effect - the difference between the levels of one ZN counted only one level remaining ZN.
Moderator
first depends on the value of a variable connection strength
second XY Nominal characteristics of \\ quality \\ quantity
third value assumed that decides whether an increase in variable X causes an increase in value, and no decline in the value of the variable-fourth
variable correlation coefficient
5th interacts with NS in the main category of analysis of variance
6th answer the question when a variable X acts on Y
See also:
Relevance Factors interfering wewewntrzną first
second story maturation
third
fourth test selection of persons
external factors that disrupt the accuracy of first Reactive or interactive effects
second test Interaction effects of biased selection of people with variable exp.
Plan Solomon Y1p - X - Y1k gr.A
Y2p ------ Y2k gr.B
; X - Y3k gr.C
Y4k gr.D
main effect - ZN affects every variable Y independently
simple effect - the difference between the levels of one ZN counted only one level remaining ZN.
Moderator
first depends on the value of a variable connection strength
second XY Nominal characteristics of \\ quality \\ quantity
third value assumed that decides whether an increase in variable X causes an increase in value, and no decline in the value of the variable-fourth
variable correlation coefficient
5th interacts with NS in the main category of analysis of variance
6th answer the question when a variable X acts on Y
See also:
- pictures tattoos of prison with a description of their significance
- largest list of terrorist organizations
- life for 500 years
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