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How to make a footnote in scientific work?

classical types of footnotes:

• Footnote Source ordinary - normal footnote with bibliographic data.
• Footnote extended source - a source other than the indication given additional information.
• referring Footnote - indicates data sources such as " More'll say about it in the third chapter " used here, for example, the abbreviation "cf."
• Footnotes polemic - the criticism that deals with someone's views, but that did not disrupt the main course of the argument, put the controversy in a footnote.
• digressive footnotes - the author does not argue, but wants to expand the argument. Often this is associated with additional sources.

Rules:

• In the main text, the link (ie the number in superscript) are inserted PO expression NOT separated by a space.
• In a footnote, the footnote number is separated by a space, the content of the footnote and NOT puts a full stop after the number of footnote.
• Name (Initials) in the footnote ALWAYS stand BEFORE name.

NOTE: in the bibliography is Conversely .

In the text, if we quote the author such as "According to Max Weber ..." is the first time we write your name, and for each subsequent ONLY name.

• between the name and put the title of "comma" and "space" for example, M. Weber, Title ...
• titles and subtitles of publications, write Italic with EXCEPT journals, which we write a simple letter (normal), but in quotation marks.
• Shares publication NOT write in quotation marks.
• Between the title and subtitle puts a "dot" and "spaces" such as communist propaganda. Selected Problems .
• Between the title and publisher put "comma" and "space" for example, M. Weber, Economy and society. The outline of an understanding of sociology , John Wiley & Sons
• between publisher and place of issue we "comma" and "space" for example, M. Weber, economy and society. The outline of an understanding of sociology , OWN, Warsaw 2002
• Between place and year of issue, and "s" we "comma" and "space", eg for example, M. Weber, economy and society. The outline of an understanding of sociology , OWN, Warsaw 2002, p. 132nd
• After wdania NOT placed, no shortcuts like "the", etc.
• between the "s" and the page number is ONLY space.
• NOT we should use the abbreviations "p.", etc.
• If the online publication, the individual screens contain a direct link, then give the address of the first screen.
• words forming the name of the website capitalize, with the exception of conjunctions and prepositions such as Virtual Poland.
• note of each note ends with a dot.
• If the work has three or fewer authors, we write all.
• If it is between 3 and 6 of this writing, "ed."
• If we write no more than 6 of the first and the abbreviation "et al."

Shortcuts:

• IDEM - preceding footnote is identical.
• This same - the same author of another item.
• Acts. Quoted - the work quoted or cited by the work of Weber, for example lc, p. 222nd
• See. - See, points to the rich literature, authors, agreeing, etc. polemizujących
• Cf - Compare, points to a richer literature.
• Quoted: - quote by the author.

Examples:

• Daily Newspapers: A. Kowalski, Flowers , "Your Garden" dated. 07/05/2010, No. 18 (1939), p. 33
• supplement to the daily press: A. Kowalski, Daisies , "Gardener's Guide" [Appendix to: "Your Garden"] dated. 07/05/2010, No. 18 (1939), p. 21
• Electronic publishing such a compact on-line dictionaries, encyclopedias etc.: A. Kowalski, Sociology , [type of electronic media? I do not remember what was meant] Boston (USA), 19.12.2009, www.encyklopedia.com / Sociology [Access: 07/05/2010].

This "Boston (USA)" is the location of the server, but when it comes to "access" to specify the date of publication or last modification.

• Internet services, portals, vertical portals A. Kowalski, Cosmos , [in:] The galaxy data (media type), place of publication, publication date, last update [access].
• Journals Online: A. Kowalski, Contemporary Politics , "Gazeta Wyborcza" (On-line: 29/02/2010) www.gazetawyborcza . com [accessed: 07/05/2010].
• unpublished paper from the conference: A. Kowalski, Values \u200b\u200band Culture , paper presented at the seminar students' Towards a modern values \u200b\u200b", held at the Agricultural Academy on 29.02.2010.
• act:

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work plan, konspek

I. Subject and theme justification

II. Purpose of the study

III. The main problem and the problems detailed

IV. Research hypotheses

V. Continuously variable

VI. Indicators

VII. The methods, techniques and tools of research.

VIII. Time, location, selection trials and the scope of their research.

IX. Bibliography

X. Appendix.

Outline of work should give the answer the following questions:

1. What is the job (field - marketing, finance, etc., industry, enterprise)?
2. What is the subject (to) work?
3. why I took up this topic?
4. What questions (list at least three) should be answered in order to achieve its goal (to solve the issue)?
5. What research hypotheses (hypotheses research questions) formulate?
6. will apply the method, do studies and steps to achieve our goal?
7. you intend to carry out empirical studies, if so, please describe the actual selected object (enterprise, office, etc.)?
8. What kind of results I expect as a result of such a formulated plan of work?
9. work will give you a specific effect (software, design, organizational streamlining, etc.)?
10. In view of these results were confirmed the research hypothesis?
11. How do I describe what is in the form of a thesis (structure work)?
12. What books on the topic of my work now offer booksellers?
13. What websites contain information relevant to the topic of work?

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Sociology - what does it actually mean?

About d past three years I wonder what it might mean that the whole science called sociology. And you know what I will surprise you. I have no ready answer. For some time, but my approach to sociology is changing. First of all, I stopped playing Sim City and such similar games. In other words, I changed my approach to sociology. I no longer look at society from the top - at the instigation of Florian Znaniecki's look at them from the side. Few remember the definition of Znaniecki, but it stuck in my head, something that represents a social relationship in the problem a little bit for my taste marketing: How to unit A "influences" on the body B, and sociological influences how one man to another man. Of course, I have many objections for such a "psychological" approach sociological problems, but we assume them to be more realistic than the formulation of the problem of sociology as a "field" of socio-cultural heritage which should be observed. However, such an approach and a sociological problem is for me to accept when it comes to the issue of local communities. Taking the issue of social phenomena occurring in the field of regional or global miss an opportunity to resolve the problem, not limited to a "category of" social influence on each other. In other words, seeking social problems, we want to study in the field of regional or global we have to restrict itself to intergroup relations taking place between the two, the three categories, layers, classes or social groups. Otherwise they become such a sociology of sociology phenomenal. Sociology, for example, grows phenomenal (in my opinion) Bauman. Bauman's work does not deny, but I find it very interesting at best, but certainly not purely scientific, but rather popular science.

Perhaps this statement offended someone, maybe that statement is based only from low knowledge, what I present, especially as regards the ability to carry out qualitative research, but I believe that a holistic recognition of social phenomena is either very difficult or very easy. Such a sociology can write any such sociology practiced and how the two years of my studies and led me to bring the issue: what it really takes to be sociology?

Let me put it on the side of the role is serve as a sociologist, and very often the young sociologists are faced with a problem: what to do after school? Of course, featuring different type of institutions and perform predetermined functions, most having little or very little in common with our passion.

sociological My passion translates into something else, namely the use of sociological knowledge to the development of such social relations within which I participate to their qualitative change was a result of "progress" of content and social structure. In other words, doing the daily chores analyze the potential impact on relationships, not only the near future, but and disregard for the distant future. In most situations, I try to look for sociological problems, with most everyday situations is just typical and boring, making it difficult to discern in them the sociological aspect. Lack of ability to see "miracles" sociological in everyday life and thus resort to the story or telling a vision for the future seems to me to be a problem most of my classmates from college. I'm not alone in this, but I try to cultivate sociology of everyday life. It looks that it does not fly to analyze what I feel, I can see and analyze the "now" in the context of what was or what will happen. I make her analyze and describe in his diary everything that is happening now. And it looks something like this:

May 27, 2011, the

on television and radio in many ways experienced the arrival of Obama's Polish. CNBC reported a visit in the context of economic news. In Antyradio ask whether in connection with a suspicious-looking bags revisions will be made enemas police dogs, the operator says something about monkeys. Day like any other, in the background of fear fear of attack and the possible consequences for the Polish. The girls went to play. Working at a computer, then the moment for himself. About noon she knocked on the door of the old lady asked if we have something to eat. The block in downtown neighbors are mostly students.

What is the value of sociology? Well, these notes allow you to focus on a problem which can be analyzed. Moreover, such notes are of value for other sociologists, who in the future will take the issue present.

think this method (without interpretation) for the true value in sociology. Being known, the observation is accurate, it provides more value.

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Some sociological observations on the future of society

R. Robertson presented four concepts for change in the direction of humanity who may follow. There are four alternative, polar vision of the world that can not in any way to meet literally, but only indicate the direction of the desires of people to meet them.

R. Robertson built the visions based on the thinking of modern man, and gained access to them through observation of the external world, which is somehow a reflection of the desires and aspirations. These visions also based on the concept of the German sociologist F. Toennies, who described the history of humanity as a continuous decline existential humanity. This was due to a sense of the text approved by the division of society, or whether it formed in groups, communities and organizations.

Community groups characterized as constituting the cause of the grass-roots, emerging in human consciousness because of its natural life. Organizations that are characterized by not enough spontaneity, as they prefer a rational, resulting in manifestations and experience the history of human existence on earth. The organization so it is also a community, but losing, in fact, having a more pronounced target and aiming for a profit. Despite all attempts to distinguish between groups, this division is not clear, and the line is blurred today very clearly. F. Toennies stressed that organizations are a product of an unnatural, rooted in the groups because of events that over the evolution of society, they reach us. You can already see that he was right. Look at the moment through the prism of religious people of the country where the law is contained in the doctrine of Islam. Is the collective force of nature there is no more than in the communities Community dominated by Christianity?

Thinking and ecological perspectives, whereas ambiguity of the concept and its somewhat extreme today anchored in the minds of men, it must be emphasized that the ecological community is less radical than the ecological organization.

organization is, in the far today synonymous with the word business, and rarely there is a symbiosis between business and environmental organizations. Historical cases, such alliances will not find in scientific studies and research. Turning to environmental organizations, however, their function is consistent with the thesis of F. Toennies. Because it seems to have little sense of the struggle for prosperity environment is not using the methods of organization, born of the capitalist zakorzenień contemporary Europe. Ecological Community in fact, they are rather the notion of having the nature of research. Therefore adopted the hypothesis will be accompanied by further consideration.

Ecological Community in the subjective perspective of a European observer, appears to be on the basis of associations with two aspects. The first of these may be difficult to imagine given the fact that it is very marginal. Namely, an example of waste separation in households, if at all takes place, has a Community nature, but the segregation of garbage receptacles with dedicated visible on city streets, is rather an organization. In addition, ecological community should join because of the communication channels formed naturally due to impulsive conversation, not assisted in building an artificial ecological orientation by the media and reference groups. Pervasive lack of such disputes in the Polish society is a manifestation of the marginal nature of ecological communities in general. For if we pushed this process it is already top-organizational nature.

second aspect of ecological communities are social movements and this can be put to the distinction. Rooted family traditions in European society should be based on culture of respect for the environment, build awareness of the individual.

also the foundation of social life are also the group, widely understood by the term "community" or some local multilevel and diverse population. Processes taking place among the inhabitants of a region should, therefore, have a ecological effects, environmental and urban planning or at least improving the visual aspects of apartments, houses, villages and towns.

entered the Community eco-consciousness, but rather due to the dynamic environmental movement and it is somehow very sad, because the environmental movement manifested itself more than a community organization. They are temporary, spontaneous, occasional, one-way, and incapable of reform. Turn into hybrids, thanks to today's global problems. They miss the point of support in local communities and family, so consist of a multitude of strangers people, through the merging of ideas.

However, this is a manifestation of adaptation to the environment. It is conducted for guerilla warfare, environmental groups because of the utterly overwhelming enemy and stay organized. But this fight may still exist, with only symbolic, often groundless public support? It seems that the only shock for people to raise ecological momentary reaction, maybe one of them will be so big that it takes root in people and change the image of a consciousness of individuals and groups, but it will certainly have a different picture.

Ironically come with the help of ecology in the twentieth century, business organizations, and they do not know whether more effectively, but certainly based on some theoretical assumptions. Assumptions which are not lacking also in ecology, but there is clear, however, the appropriate media such assertions.

Namely, perhaps because of "age changes", and chaos of modernization and urbanization in the world, manufacturers and retailers realize that the devastating natural environment for local communities, causing discouragement of consumers in relation to themselves and their goods. Praise too must to some extent ecological movements through which people began to be aware of that. However, the improvement is small, and in the first place continues to be a short-term gains and a strong exploitation of the environment, for the purpose of supplying the population in "essential" goods. Birth of a social orientation in business, however, was noted.